Influence of upper body stretching exercises on shot put / Influência dos exercícios de alongamento da parte superior do corpo no arremesso de peso / Influencia de los ejercicios de estiramiento de la parte superior del cuerpo en el lanzamiento de peso

ABSTRACT Introduction The technique in the shot put and the ability in the throwing stage are two important factors that determine the ability of athletes. Qualified experts and coaches attach great importance to training and research on the ability of the throwing stage and the ability to throw. Objective Compare gravity load training and single incremental load training through practical means, analyzing the impacts on throwing ability in athletes. Methods The self-assessment method was used to conduct the comparative experiment on different forms of strength training in 20 college students. The experimental scheme adopts the single incremental load strength training, and the control scheme adopts the traditional barbell training. Results : After the experiment, the hand angle of group I was significantly higher than that of group II (P < 0.05); after the experiment, the shoulder angle of group I was significantly higher than that of group II (P < 0.05); after the experiment, the performance of the seated shot placed in group I was significantly higher than that of group II (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the standing performance (P > 0.05). Conclusion Single incremental load training can significantly improve the throwing ability of shot put athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução A técnica no arremesso de peso e a habilidade na etapa de arremessar são dois fatores importantes que determinam a habilidade dos atletas Especialistas e treinadores qualificados atribuem grande importância ao treinamento e pesquisa sobre a habilidade da fase de arremesso e a capacidade de arremessar. Objetivo Comparar o treinamento com carga gravitacional e o treinamento com carga incremental única através de meios experimentais, analisando os impactos na habilidade de arremesso nos atletas. Métodos O método de auto-avaliação foi usado para realizar o experimento comparativo de diferentes formas de treinamento de força em 20 estudantes universitários. O esquema experimental adota o treinamento único de força de carga incremental, e o esquema de controle adota o treinamento tradicional de barra. Resultados : Após o experimento, o ângulo da mão do grupo I foi significativamente maior do que o do grupo II (P < 0,05); após o experimento, o ângulo do ombro do grupo I foi significativamente maior do que o do grupo II (P < 0,05); após o experimento, o desempenho do tiro sentado colocado no grupo I foi significativamente maior do que o do grupo II (P < 0,05), e não houve diferença significativa no desempenho em pé (P > 0,05). Conclusão O treinamento com carga incremental única pode melhorar significativamente a capacidade de arremesso dos atletas de arremesso de peso. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La técnica en el lanzamiento de peso y la habilidad en la fase de lanzamiento son dos factores importantes que determinan la habilidad de los atletas. Los especialistas y entrenadores cualificados atribuyen gran importancia a la formación y a la investigación sobre la habilidad de la fase de lanzamiento y la habilidad de lanzamiento. Objetivo Comparar el entrenamiento con carga gravitacional y el entrenamiento con carga incremental única a través de medios experimentales, analizando los impactos en la capacidad de lanzamiento en los atletas. Métodos Se utilizó el método de autoevaluación para realizar el experimento comparativo de diferentes formas de entrenamiento de fuerza en 20 estudiantes universitarios. El esquema experimental adopta el entrenamiento de fuerza con una sola carga incremental, y el esquema de control adopta el entrenamiento tradicional con barra. Resultados : Después del experimento, el ángulo de la mano del grupo I fue significativamente mayor que el del grupo II (P < 0,05); después del experimento, el ángulo del hombro del grupo I fue significativamente mayor que el del grupo II (P < 0,05); después del experimento, el rendimiento del lanzamiento de peso sentado del grupo I fue significativamente mayor que el del grupo II (P < 0,05), y no hubo diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de pie (P > 0,05). Conclusión El entrenamiento con una sola carga incremental puede mejorar significativamente la capacidad de lanzamiento de los atletas de lanzamiento de peso. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Efeito do oncofitness na amplitude articular de pacientes com câncer de próstata / Efecto del oncofitnessen el rango de movimiento articular de pacientes con cáncer de próstata / Effect of oncofitness in joint amplitude of patients with prostate cancer

RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito de um Programa de Exercício Físico Oncológico - ONCOFITNESS na amplitude articular em pacientes com câncer submetidos à radioterapia. O estudo é um tipo de ensaio clínico prospectivo randomizado controlado no qual se compara o efeito e o valor de uma intervenção, com características profiláticas ou terapêuticas, em seres humanos. Os procedimentos consideraram as normas para realização de pesquisas em seres humanos com a aprovação do projeto pelo CEP/Hospital Mário Kröeff. A avaliação da flexibilidade foi realizada seguindo o protocolo LABIFIE, com goniômetro de aço da marca Lafayette® (EUA). O grupo experimental realizou uma intervenção com Oncofitness. Após esse período, foi realizada outra avaliação, seguindo os mesmos procedimentos. A análise estatística foi realizada no programa SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) versão 20.0. A amostra foi composta por 30 homens com idade GE (X ̅ = 59,0 ± 2,0 anos) e GC (X ̅ = 60,0 ± 1,0 anos). Os dados revelaram que os ganhos do GE foram observados em: flexão do joelho (∆%=5,0%, p=0,0011x); em abdução do quadril (∆%=15,8%, p=0,003x); em rotação interna (∆%=8,1%, p=0,0129x) e em flexão de ombro, (∆%=8,3%, p=0,0185x). Não foi observado ganho no GC, pode-se verificar que o Oncofitness proporcionou a redução de alguns dos sintomas relacionados aos tratamentos oncológicos devido à melhora da amplitude articular.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un Programa de Ejercicios Físicos Oncológicos - ONCOFITNESS en la amplitud articular en pacientes oncológicos sometidos a radioterapia. El estudio es tipo ensayo clínico controlado randomizado, prospectivo en que compara el efecto y valor de una intervención, con características profilácticas o terapéuticas, en seres humanos. Los procedimientos consideraron las normas para la realización de investigación en seres humanos con la aprobación del proyecto por el CEP/Hospital Mário Kröeff. La evaluación de la flexibilidad fue realizada siguiendo el protocolo del LABIFIE, con un goniómetro de acero da marca Lafayette® (EUA). El grupo experimental realizó una intervención con el Oncofitness. Después de ese periodo, se realizó otra evaluación, siguiendo los mismos procedimientos. El análisis estadístico fue realizado mediante el SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) versión 20.0. La muestra fue de 30 hombres con edades GE (X ̅ = 59,0 ± 2,0 años) y GC (X ̅ = 60,0 ± 1,0 años). Los datos revelaron que fueron observadas ganancias GE en: flexión de rodillas (∆%=5,0%, p=0,0011x); en la abducción de cadera (∆%=15,8%, p=0,003x); en la rotación interna (∆%=8,1%, p=0,0129x) y en flexión de hombro, (∆%=8,3%, p=0,0185x). No fue observada ganancia en el GC, se puede verificar que el Oncofitness proporcionó la reducción de algunos de los síntomas relacionados a los tratamientos oncológicos por la mejora de la amplitud articular.

ABSTRACT The research aimed to evaluate the effect of an Oncology Physical Exercises Program - ONCOFITNESS on the joint range of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. The study is considered a randomized controlled clinical trial, being prospective in that it compares the effect and value of an intervention, with prophylactic or therapeutic characteristics, in human beings. The procedures met the standards for researching human beings, and the project was approved. CEP/Hospital Mário Kröeff. Flexibility measurement performed following the LABIFIE protocol, with a Lafayette® brand steel goniometer (USA). The experimental group performed an intervention with Oncofitness. After this period, another evaluation was carried out, following the same procedures. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 20.0. Sample of 30 men aged GE (X ̅ = 59.0 ± 2.0 years) and CG (X ̅ = 60.0 ± 1.0 years). The data revealed that gains were observed in the EG in knee flexion (∆%=5.0%, p=0.0011x); in hip abduction (∆%=15.8%, p=0.003x); in internal rotation (∆%=8.1%, p=0.0129x) and in shoulder flexion, (∆%=8.3%, p=0.0185x). As was not observed in the CG, Oncofitness provided a reduction in some of the symptoms related to oncological treatments by improving joint range of motion.

Effects of ultrasound and stretching on skeletal muscle contusion in rats: immunohistochemistry analysis / Efectos de ultrasonido y estiramiento en la contusión muscular esqueletal en ratas: análisis inmunohistoquímico

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of stretching and therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) on desmin and laminin contents of rat muscle after contusion. Male Wistar rats (n = 35, 8-9 weeks of age, 271 ± 14g body weight) were divided into five groups: Control group (CG) (n= 03); Injured group (IG) (n= 8); Injured + ultrasound group (IUSG) (n= 8); Injured+stretching group (ISG) (n= 8); Injured +ultrasound + stretching group (IUSSG) (n= 8). The application of ultrasound started 72 hours after the contusion, using the 50 % pulsed mode, 0.5 W/cm2, 5 min, once a day, for five consecutive days. Passive manual stretching was started on the tenth day after injury, with four repetitions of 30 s each and 30 s rest between repetitions, once a day, five times per week, for a total of ten applications. After 22 days, the rats were euthanazied and the gastrocnemius of both limbs removed for desmin and laminin immunohistochemistry morphometric measurement. Analysis was conducted using ANOVA one way post-hoc Tukey to parametric data and Kruskall-Wallis for non-parametric data. The IUSSG animals showed a larger area of desmin than ISG (p<0.05). It was found a decrease in laminin comparing IUSG to IG. However, laminin area was higher in ISG than all groups (p<0.05). UST isolated or in combination with stretching influenced gastrocnemius regeneration in different manners. While stretching applied isolated enhanced gastrocnemius regeneration noticed by the increase in laminin area, in combination with TUS strengthened the muscle healing rising desmin area.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del estiramiento y la ecografía en los contenidos de desmina y laminina del músculo de rata después de la lesión. Ratas Wistar macho (n = 35, 8-9 semanas de edad, 271 ± 14 g de peso corporal) se dividieron en cinco grupos: grupo de control (CG) (n = 03); Grupo lesionado (GL) (n = 8); Lesionado + grupo de ultrasonido (LGU) (n= 8); Lesionado + grupo de estiramiento (LGE) (n = 8); Lesionado + ultrasonido + grupo de estiramiento (LUGE) (n = 8). La aplicación de ultrasonido comenzó 72 horas después de la lesión, usando el modo pulsado al 50 %, 0,5W / cm2, 5 min, una vez al día, durante cinco días consecutivos. El estiramiento manual pasivo se inició el décimo día después de la lesión, con cuatro repeticiones de 30 seg cada una y 30 seg de descanso entre repeticiones, una vez al día, cinco veces por semana, para un total de diez aplicaciones. Las ratas fueron sacrificadas después de 22 días, y se extrajo el músculo gastrocnemio de ambos miembros para la medición morfométrica de desmina y laminina a través de inmunohistoquímica. El análisis se realizó utilizando ANOVA unidireccional Tukey post-hoc para datos paramétricos y Kruskall-Wallis para datos no paramétricos. Los animales LUGE mostraron un área mayor de desmina que LGE (p <0,05). Se encontró una disminución en la laminina comparando LGU con GL. Sin embargo, el área de laminina fue mayor en LGE que en todos los grupos (p <0,05). El tratamiento con ultrasonido aislado o en combinación con estiramiento influyó en la regeneración del músculo gastrocnemio de diferentes maneras. Si bien el estiramiento aplicado, en combinación con tratamiento de ultrasonido, fortaleció el área de desmina, la regeneración del músculo gastrocnemio mejoró por el aumento en el área de laminina aumentando la curación muscular.

Muscular resistance, hypertrophy and strength training equally reduce adiposity, inflammation and insulin resistance in mice with diet-induced obesity / Exercícios físicos de resistência, hipertrofia e força muscular reduzem igualmente adiposidade, inflamação e resistência à insulina em camundongos obesos por dieta hiperlipídica

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of three types of muscular resistance training on adiposity, inflammation levels and insulin activity in Swiss mice with fat-rich diet-induced obesity. Methods Lean and obese male Swiss mice were selected and allocated to one of eight groups comprising eight mice each, as follows: standard diet + no training; standard diet + muscular resistance training; standard diet + hypertrophy training; standard diet + strength training; high-fat diet + no training; high-fat diet + muscular resistance training; high-fat diet + hypertrophy training; high-fat diet + strength training. The training protocol consisted of stair climbing for a 10-week period. Blood samples were collected for lactate analysis, glucose level measurement and insulin tolerance test. After euthanasia, adipose tissues were removed and weighed for adiposity index determination. Fragments of epididymal adipose tissue were then embedded for histological analysis or homogenized for tumor necrosis factor alpha level determination using the ELISA method. Results Ausency of differences in total training volume and blood lactate levels overall emphasize the similarity between the different resistance training protocols. Body weight loss, reduced adipocyte area and lower adiposity index were observed in trained obese mice, regardless of training modality. Different training protocols also improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation levels. Conclusion Resistance training protocols were equally effective in reducing body fat, inflammation levels and insulin resistance in obese mice.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos de três tipos de treinamentos de resistência na adiposidade, na inflamação e na ação da insulina em camundongos Swiss obesos por dieta hiperlipídica. Métodos Camundongos Swiss machos magros e obesos foram selecionados e posteriormente separados em oito grupos com oito animais em cada: dieta padrão + não treinado; dieta padrão + treinamento de resistência muscular; dieta padrão + treinamento de hipertrofia; dieta padrão + treinamento de força; dieta hiperlipídica + não treinado; dieta hiperlipídica + treinamento de resistência muscular; dieta hiperlipídica + treinamento de hipertrofia; e dieta hiperlipídica + treinamento de força. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em escaladas, por um período de 10 semanas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para análises de lactato, glicemia e teste de tolerância à insulina. Após eutanásia, os tecidos adiposos foram retirados e pesados para determinar o índice de adiposidade. Em seguida, parte do tecido adiposo epididimal foi emblocado para análises histológicas, e outra parte foi homogeneizada para análises de fator de necrose tumoral alfa por ELISA. Resultados O volume total de treinamento e a concentração sanguínea de lactato não diferiram entre os três treinos resistidos, sugerindo similaridade entre eles. Nos animais obesos, as três modalidades de treinamento reduziram o peso corporal, a área adipocitária e o índice de adiposidade. Os três tipos de treinamentos ainda melhoraram a tolerância à insulina e reduziram a inflamação. Conclusão Os protocolos de treinamento resistido foram igualmente efetivos em reduzir a adiposidade, a inflamação e a resistência à ação da insulina em camundongos obesos.

Effects of perioperative pelvic floor muscle training on early recovery of urinary continence and erectile function in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Aims: Radical prostatectomy (RP) can result in urinary incontinence (UI) and erectile dysfunction (ED), which negatively impact quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a perioperative pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) program versus usual care on early recovery of urinary continence and erectile function after RP. Materials and Methods: Of 59 eligible men, 31 were randomly allocated into 2 groups: Group 1 (Control, N=15) received usual post-RP care; and Group 2 (Physical therapy, N=16) received two pre-RP physical therapist-guided PFMT sessions, including exercises and electromyographic biofeedback, and verbal and written instructions to continue PFMT until RP, which was then resumed after urethral catheter removal. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and the 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire were used to evaluate UI and ED, respectively. Results: Demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Three months after RP, the UI rate was 72.7% and 70.0% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (P >0.05). The severity and frequency of UI and its impact on QoL were evaluated by the ICIQ-Short Form, with scores of 6.9±6.26 in Group 1 and 7.0±5.12 in Group 2 (P >0.05). The IIEF-5 scores were similar in Groups 1 and 2 (5.73±7.43 vs. 6.70±6.68, respectively) (P >0.05). Conclusion: Our pre-RP protocol of two physical therapist-assisted sessions of PFMT plus instructions did not significantly improve urinary continence or erectile function at 3 months after RP.

Muscle strength training program in nonagenarians - a randomized controlled trial

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: The study aims to improve the functional capacity and quality of life (QOL) of nonagenarian women by implementing an individualized muscle strength training program in a geriatric residential care home. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial METHODS: Twenty-six elderly women were randomized into a control group (CG) and an intervention group (SG). The SG carried out a strength program with TheraBands® for 12 weeks, with two weekly sessions. The assessment tools that we used pre- and post-intervention were the Barthel index of daily living activities, the five times sit-to-stand test (FTSTS) and timed up and go (TUG) test with wiva® sensors. RESULTS: The SG maintained the Barthel index scores for activities of daily living and improved in the FTSTS; the CG showed a significant decrease on both tests. The dynamic balance test showed significant differences between groups for the variables sit to stand, peak angular velocity, anterior-posterior range, turning, stand to sit, total time, and speed. CONCLUSIONS: Individualized muscle strength training programs may help promote healthy lifestyles in such populations by maintaining autonomy, improving function and balance.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo é melhorar a capacidade funcional e a qualidade de vida (QV) de nonagenários por meio da implementação de um programa de treinamento aeróbico e de força individualizado em um centro geriátrico residencial. DESENHO DO ESTUDO: Estudo controlado randomizado. METODOLOGIA: Vinte e seis mulheres idosas foram randomizadas em grupo controle (CG) e grupo intervenção (SG). O SG realizou um programa de força com 12 semanas de duração de duas sessões semanais. As ferramentas de avaliação usadas antes e após a intervenção foram o Índice de Barthel das atividades da vida diária, o teste Five-to-Stand (FTSTS) e o Timed Up and Go (TUG) com sensores Wiva®. RESULTADOS: O SG manteve as pontuações no Índice de Barthel e melhora no FTSTS; o GC apresentou redução significativa nos dois testes. O teste de equilíbrio dinâmico mostrou diferenças significativas entre os grupos para as variáveis: Sit to Stand, pico da velocidade angular, amplitude anteroposterior, giro, posição sentada, tempo total e velocidade. CONCLUSÕES: Os programas de intervenção de força muscular podem ajudar a promover estilos de vida saudáveis nesta população para a manutenção da autonomia, a melhora da função e o equilíbrio.

Effects of eccentric exercise in pressure pain threshold in subjects with functional ankle equinus condition

SUMMARY Stretching exercises are widely used by the population before sporting activities. One of the most common technique is eccentric exercise. Here, we made a clinical examination of 98 subjects with equinus condition before activity and after 30 min of running (49 participants with previous eccentric exercise and 49 with no previously eccentric exercise). The clinical assessment of the Achilles tendon was based on the pressure pain threshold (PPT). We identified significant PPT changes between the previous eccentric stretching and the non-previous eccentric stretching group in the Achilles tendon evaluations. Based on our findings, we propose that subjects with equinus condition could use eccentric stretching in order to improve the Achilles tendon status.

RESUMO Exercícios de alongamento são amplamente utilizados pela população antes da atividade esportiva. Uma das técnicas mais comuns é o exercício excêntrico. Aqui, fizemos um exame clínico de 98 indivíduos com condição de pé equino antes da atividade e após 30 minutos de corrida (49 corredores com exercício excêntrico anterior e 49 sem exercício excêntrico anterior). A avaliação clínica do tendão de Aquiles foi baseada no limiar de dor à pressão (PPT). Identificamos modificações significativas no PPT entre alongamentos prévios excêntricos e nenhum exercício anterior excêntrico de alongamento para as avaliações do tendão de Aquiles. Com base em nossos achados, propomos que sujeitos com condição de pé equino poderiam fazer alongamentos com exercícios excêntricos para melhorar o status do tendão de Aquiles.

The development of a mechanical device to stretch skeletal muscle of young and old rats

OBJECTIVE: How much force is needed to stretch skeletal muscle is still unknown. The aim of this study was to develop a device that mechanically stretches rat muscle to compare the force (N) required to stretch the soleus muscle of young and aged rats and the tibio-tarsal angle joint at neutral and stretched positions. METHODS: Twelve female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a young group (YG, n=6, 311±11 g) of rats 3 months old and an aged group (AG, n=6, 351±43 g) of rats 15 months old. The left soleus muscle was mechanically held in full dorsal flexion and submitted to mechanical passive stretching: 1 bout of 10 repetitions, each repetition lasted 60 seconds with an interval of 45 seconds between repetitions, performed once a day, twice a week, for 1 week. The force required during stretching was measured by a load cell, and the tibio-tarsal angle joint was measured by photometry. RESULTS: The load cell calibration showed excellent reliability, as confirmed by the intraclass correlation coefficient value of 0.93. A decrease in delta force was found in the comparison between YG and AG (0.11±0.03 N vs 0.08±0.02 N, p<0.05, repeated measures ANOVA). There was no difference between the YG and the AG in the tibio-tarsal angle at resting position (87.1±3.8° vs 87.1±3.5°, p=0.35, Kruskal Wallis) and at the end of the stretching protocol (43.9±4.4° vs 42.6±3.4°, p=0.57, Kruskal Wallis). CONCLUSION: The device presented in this study is able to monitor the force necessary to stretch hindlimb rat muscles. Aged rats required less force than young rats to stretch the soleus muscle, and there was no difference regarding the tibio-tarsal angle between the two groups.

Influence of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on the muscle tonus and amplitude of movement in HTLV-1-infected patients with HAM/TSP

Abstract An HTLV-1-infected patient can develop paraparesis that limits their movements. Rehabilitation techniques could improve the motor abilities of these patients. The present study investigates five cases of physical therapy intervention in HTLV-1 patients to evaluate the influence of functional rehabilitation on the tonus and range of motion (ROM) of HTLV-1 patients with spasticity. The patients had a gain of ROM, especially in the lower limb, and reduction in hypertonia/spasticity after functional treatment. The reduction in hypertonia increased the ROM. Thus, functional methods may be valuable for the rehabilitation of HTLV-1 patients with neurological damage.

Effects of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training associated with aerobic exercise in patients undergoing cabg: randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: Evaluate the interaction between high-intensity inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and aerobic exercise on physical capacity, respiratory muscle strength, peripheral muscle strength, and quality of life of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: Twenty-four patients underwent CABG were randomized into two groups. During 36 sessions, one group received IMT associated with aerobic exercise and the other group received only aerobic exercise. Primary outcome was the distance in the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) test. Secondary outcomes included respiratory muscle strength, peripheral muscle strength, and quality of life. Measures were taken at the baseline, at the 12th session, the 24th session, and 36th session. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in any outcome [6MWD - P=0.935; peak oxygen consumption (PeakVO2) - P=0.853; maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) - P=0.243; maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) - P=0.268; sitting-rising test (SRT) - P=0.212], but there was interaction in MIP (P=0.000) and all outcomes improved in the two groups (6MWD - P=0.000; PeakVO2 - P=0.000; MIP - P=0.000; MEP - P=0.000; SRT - P=0.000). Conclusion: There was an improvement of all outcomes in both groups, but IMT was not able to provide additional benefits. The use of this combination should be used with caution to not generate higher costs in the rehabilitation process of these patients.

Combination of preoperative pulmonary and nutritional preparation for esophagectomy

Abstract Purpose: To compare pulmonary and nutritional parameters before and after inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and enteral feeding support in patients with esophageal disease undergoing preoperative outpatient follow-up. Methods: Thirty patients with a mean age of 55.83 years, 16 men and 14 women, were included. Pulmonary assessment consisted of the measurement of MIP, MEP, and spirometry. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests were performed for nutritional assessment. After preoperative evaluation, inspiratory muscle training and enteral nutrition support were started. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: After an outpatient follow-up period of 4 weeks, a significant increase in MIP (-62.20 ± 25.78 to -81.53 ± 23.09), MEP (73.4 ± 31.95 to 90.33 ± 28.39), and FVC (94.86 ± 16.77 to 98.56 ± 17.44) was observed. Regarding the anthropometric variables, a significant increase was also observed in BMI (20.18 ± 5.04 to 20.40 ± 4.69), arm circumference (23.38 ± 3.28 to 25.08 ± 4.55), arm muscle circumference (21.48 ± 3.00 to 22.07 ± 3.36), and triceps skinfold thickness (5.62 ± 2.68 to 8.33 ± 6.59). Conclusion: Pulmonary and nutritional preparation can improve respiratory muscle strength, FVC and anthropometric parameters. However, further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of this preoperative preparation.

Acute effects of passive static stretching on the vastus lateralis muscle architecture of healthy young men / Efeitos agudos do alongamento estático passivo sobre a arquitetura muscular do vasto lateral de jovens saudáveis

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of passive static stretching (PSS) on the fascicle length (FL) and fascicle angle (FA) of the vastus lateralis muscle (VL) in two different joint positions. Twelve physically active men (26.9 ± 7.5 years, 178.6 ± 7.0 cm, and 82.5 ± 16.8 kg) were placed in the prone position for the acquisition of ultrasound images (US) of VL, registered with extended and totally flexed knee up to the heel contact with the gluteus, before and after a PSS routine comprised of three 30-s repetitions maintained in the maximal discomfort position as reported by the participant. Results of the paired t-test indicated an increase in FL (16.2%; p = 0.012) and reduction in FA (15.5%; p = 0.003) in pre vs. post stretching comparisons for the extended knee position. There was also a significant increase in FL (34%; p = 0.0001) and reduction in FA (25%; p = 0.0007) when compared the extended knee vs. flexed knee positions. There were no significant differences in muscle architecture variables for the flexed knee position. The results showed high and moderate correlation of FL and FA for the extended (r = -0.89 and r = -0.74) and flexed knee (r = -0.76 and r = -0.78) position, pre and post stretching, respectively. It was concluded that the static stretching acutely affects the vastus lateralis muscle architecture only in the extended knee position, but not in the flexed knee position.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar os efeitos agudos do alongamento estático passivo (AEP) sobre o comprimento (CF) e ângulo do fascículo (AF) do músculo vasto lateral (VL) em duas diferentes posições articulares. Doze homens (26,9 ± 7,5 anos; 178,6 ± 7,0 cm; e 82,5 ± 16,8 kg), fisicamente ativos foram posicionados em decúbito ventral para aquisição de imagens de ultrassonografia (US) do VL, registradas com joelho estendido e totalmente flexionado, até o conato do calcanhar com o glúteo, antes e após uma rotina de AEP composta por três repetições de 30 s com manutenção da posição no limite de desconforto relatado pelo participante. O teste t de Student para amostras pareadas indicou aumento no CF (16,2%; p = 0,012) e redução no AF (15,5%; p = 0,003) nas comparações pré vs. após alongamento na posição com o joelho estendido. Também houve aumento significativo do CF (34%; p = 0,0001) e redução do AF (25%; p = 0,0007) na comparação entre as posições de joelho estendido vs. flexionado. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas variáveis da arquitetura muscular investigadas na posição com o joelho flexionado. Os resultados apontaram para correlação alta e moderada do CF e AF com joelho estendido (r = -0,89 e r = -0,74) e joelho flexionado (r = -0,76 e r = -0,78), pré e após alongamento, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que o alongamento estático afeta de forma aguda a arquitetura muscular do vasto lateral apenas na posição de joelho estendido, mas não na posição com joelho flexionado.

Irradiação como princípio da FNP em pacientes hemiparéticos pós AVE, análise funcional e eletromiográfica: estudo piloto / Overflow as principle of PNF in post stroke hemiparetic pacients, functional and EMG analysis: pilot study

Introdução: A irradiação pelo método de Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (FNP) ativa grupos musculares fracos estimulando grupos que estão preservados. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da irradiação do método FNP sobre a ativação muscular no membro superior parético, quadro clinico e funcionalidade de indivíduos pós-AVE. Metodologia: Estudo piloto, com 6 voluntários, média de 53,33(±19,22) anos, submetidos ao procedimento de irradiação do método FNP no membro superior parético em 3 tarefas distintas. A intervenção durou 8 sessões, 2 vezes semanais e avaliação foi realizada pela escala de Fugl- Meyer, CIF (Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade) e eletromiografia. Resultados: A CIF e a Fugl- Meyer apresentaram melhora em alguns dados (p<0,05). A análise eletromiográfica não apresentou alterações significativas (p>0,05). Conclusão: A intervenção com uso de irradiação pelo método FNP propiciou ganhos em força e tônus muscular, controle de punho e funções vestibulares e cognitivas, melhorando o convívio com a comunidade e facilitando suas atividades. A eletromiografia não evidenciou mudanças pós intervenção.

Backgrounds: The overflow by the Neuromuscular Proprioceptive Facilitation (PNF) method activates weak muscle groups by stimulating preserved muscle groups. Objective: To evaluate the effect of overflow by the PNF method on muscle activation in paretic upper limb, in the clinical features and also in the functionality in post-stroke individuals. Methods: A pilot study, with 6 volunteers, mean of 53.33 (± 19.22) years old, submitted to the procedure of overflow by the PNF method in the paretic upper limb in 3 distinct tasks. The intervention lasted 8 sessions, 2 times weekly and the evaluation were based on Fugl-Meyer scale assessment, CIF (International Classification of Functionality) and electromyography. Results: The CIF and Fugl-Meyer presented improvement in some data (p <0.05). An electromyographic analysis showed no significant improvement (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The intervention using overflow by the PNF method provided gains in strength and muscle tone, wrist control, and vestibular and cognitive functions, improving community living and facilitating its activities. The electromyography did not show post-intervention changes.

Ballistic stretch or aerobic warm-up evoke postexercise hypotension after maximal exercise / Alongamentos balístico ou estático evocam hipotensão pós-exercício depois de exercício máximo

Abstract Warm-up is broadly used to increase performance and protect against injury in sports. However, the effects of different models of warm-up on maximal exercise and the subsequent recovery period are undetermined. This study aimed to assess the effects of different warm-ups on performance, blood pressure and autonomic control. Methods: 53 subjects rested for 5 minutes and then were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups: Control (CTR), Aerobic Warm-up (AER), Static (SST) or Ballistic (BST) stretch. Immediately after warm-up, they performed a maximal cycling test and rested for 30 minutes. Heart rate variability (HRV), Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were assessed throughout the entire experiment. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-test or two-way ANOVA followed by either Bonferroni or Dunnet post-test, when appropriate. Warm-up did not change test performance or HRV (p>.05), however, when compared between-groups, SBP was higher in BST against all groups (p<.05) after warm-up, and lower in SST and AER after maximal test (p>.05). When compared to baseline values SST showed increased SBP in recovery (p<.05) while only AER and BST showed post-exercise hypotension at 30 minutes (p<.05). In conclusion, despite the lack of effects on performance, AER and BST seem to improve while SST seems to impair the recovery of cardiovascular parameters in an autonomic-independent mechanism.

Resumo Aquecimento é comumente utilizado para aumentar o desempenho e proteger contra lesões no esporte. No entanto, os efeitos de diferentes modalidades de aquecimento sobre o exercício máximo e subsequente período de recuperação não foram determinados. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes aquecimentos sobre o desempenho, pressão arterial e controle autonomico. 53 sujeitos descansavam por 5 minutos em seguida eram aleatoriamente alocados em um dos quatro grupos experimentais. Controle (CTR), Aquecimento aeróbio (AER) e alongamentos estático (SST) ou balístico (BST). Imediatamente após o aquecimento eles efetuavam um teste máximo em bicicleta e descansavam por 30 minutos. A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (HRV), pressão arterial sistólica (SBP) e diastólica (DBP) foram medidas durante todo o experimento. Analise estatística foi feita pelo two-way ANOVA e pós-teste de Bonferroni ou Dunnet quando apropriado. O Aquecimento não alterou a performance ou HRV (p>,05), todavia, quando comparadas entre grupos, SBP aumenta em BST contra todos os grupos após o aquecimento (p<,05) e diminui em SST e AER após teste máximo (p<,05).Quando comparadas aos valores basais SST aumenta SBP na recuperação, enquanto apenas AER e BST mostram hipotensão pós-exercício em 30 minutos (p<,05). Conclui-se que, apesar da falta de efeitos sobre o desempenho, AER e BST parecem melhorar, enquanto SST piora a recuperação de parâmetros cardiovasculares, através de um mecanismo autonômico-independente.

The contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching can affect the dynamic balance in healthy men / A facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva por contração-relaxamento pode afetar o equilíbrio dinâmico em homens saudáveis

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (CR PNF) stretching protocol on dynamic balance. METHODS: Twenty healthy young male performed two sessions in a randomized order; a session with CR PNF stretching protocol, and a session without the stretching protocol. Bipedal dynamic balance was measured in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions before and after the completion the two experimental sessions with eyes opened and closed. RESULTS: the present study showed that there is no significant difference between the two sessions (with vs without the CR PNF stretching protocol) in the anterior-posterior direction. However, in the medio-lateral direction, the CR PNF stretching protocol significantly enhanced dynamic balance, when compared with the no stretch protocol condition. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that CR PNF stretching might be effective to improve dynamic balance control.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de um protocolo de alongamento por facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva de contração-relaxamento sobre o equilíbrio dinâmico. MÉTODOS: Vinte jovens saudáveis do sexo masculino realizaram duas sessões oredenadas aleatoriamente; uma sessão com protocolo de alongamento por facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva de contração-relaxamento, e uma sessão sem esse protocolo. O equilíbrio dinâmico bipedal foi medido nas direções ântero-posterior e médio-lateral antes e após a conclusão das duas sessões experimentais, com os olhos abertos e fechados. RESULTADOS: O estudo mostrou que não há diferença significativa entre as duas sessões (com vs sem o protocolo de alongamento) no sentido ântero-posterior. No entanto, na direção médio-lateral, o protocolo de alongamento aumentou significativamente o equilíbrio dinâmico, quando comparado com a condição de protocolo sem alongamento. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo permite concluir que o protocolo de alongamento por facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva de contração-relaxamento pode ser eficaz para melhorar o controle de equilíbrio dinâmico.

Effects of cervical mobilization and exercise on pain, movement and function in subjects with temporomandibular disorders: a single group pre-post test

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the effect of a rehabilitation program based on cervical mobilization and exercise on clinical signs and mandibular function in subjects with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Material and Methods: Single-group pre-post test, with baseline comparison. Subjects Twelve women (22.08±2.23 years) with myofascial pain and mixed TMD according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. Outcome measures Subjects were evaluated three times: twice before (baseline phase) and once after intervention. Self-reported pain, jaw function [according to the Mandibular Functional Impairment Questionnaire (MFIQ)], pain-free maximum mouth opening (MMO), and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) of both masseter and temporalis muscles were obtained. Baseline and post-intervention differences were investigated, and effect size was estimated through Cohen’s d coefficient. Results Jaw function improved 7 points on the scale after the intervention (P=0.019), and self-reported pain was significantly reduced (P=0.009). Pain-free MMO varied from 32.3±8.8 mm to 38±8.8 mm and showed significant improvement (P=0.017) with moderate effect size when compared to the baseline phase. PPT also increased with moderate effect size, and subjects had the baseline values changed from 1.23±0.2 kg/cm2 to 1.4±0.2 kg/cm2 in the left masseter (P=0.03), from 1.31±0.28 kg/cm2 to 1.51±0.2 kg/cm2 in the right masseter (P>0.05), from 1.32±0.2 kg/cm2 to 1.46±0.2 kg/cm2 in the left temporalis (P=0.047), and from 1.4±0.2 kg/cm2 to 1.67±0.3 kg/cm2 in the right temporalis (P=0.06). Conclusions The protocol caused significant changes in pain-free MMO, self-reported pain, and functionality of the stomatognathic system in subjects with myofascial TMD, regardless of joint involvement. Even though these differences are statistically significant, their clinical relevance is still questionable.

High-Intensity Inspiratory Protocol Increases Heart Rate Variability in Myocardial Revascularization Patients

Abstract Objective: To evaluate heart rate variability during an inspiratory muscle endurance protocol at three different load levels [30%, 60% and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure], in patients who had previously undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: Nineteen late postoperative myocardial revascularization patients participating in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program were studied. Maximal inspiratory pressure maneuvers were performed. An inspiratory muscle endurance protocol at 30%, 60% and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure was applied for four minutes each, in random order. Heart rate and RR intervals were recorded and heart rate variability was analyzed by time (RMSSD-the mean of the standard deviations for all R-R intervals, and RMSM-root-mean square differences of successive R-R intervals) and frequency domains indices (high and low frequency) in normalized units. ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to compare heart rate variability indices and Student t-test was used to compare the maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure values. Results: Heart rate increased during performance of maximal respiratory pressures maneuvers, and the maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure mean values were significantly lower than predicted values (P <0.05). RMSSD increased significantly at 80% in relation to rest and 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure and RMSM decreased at 30% and 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure in relation to rest (P <0.05). Additionally, there was significant and progressive decrease in low frequency and increase in high frequency at 30%, 60% and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure in relation to the resting condition. Conclusion: These results suggest that respiratory muscle training at high intensities can promote greater parasympathetic activity and it may confer important benefits during a rehabilitation program in post-coronary artery bypass grafting.

Efeito do alongamento muscular sobre os níveis de cortisol sanguíneo de gestantes / Effect of muscular stretching on levels of blood cortisol of pregnant women

Introdução: As alterações corporais, fisiológicas e psicológicas que ocorrem durante a gestação podem desencadear estresse excessivo, sendo o cortisol sanguíneo um marcador dessa alteração e os exercícios físicos uma estratégia de controle. Objetivo: Verificar a influência de um protocolo de alongamentos musculares sobre os níveis de cortisol sanguíneo e sobre a percepção de estresse de gestantes. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída de 18 gestantes, subdivididas em grupo experimental (GE) e controle (GC). Realizaram-se oito sessões, duas vezes por semana, até completar quatro semanas. Utilizou-se a Escala de Estresse Percebido (EP) e exames de sangue para checar os níveis de cortisol. Resultados: Na comparação pré e pós-intervenção para o cortisol sanguíneo obteve-se GC (p=0,67) e GE (p=0,76). Para o estresse percebido os valores foram GC (p=0,35) e GE (p=0,34). Conclusão: O protocolo de alongamento muscular proposto neste estudo não influenciou os níveis de cortisol sanguíneo e nem a percepção de estresse.

Introduction: The physical, physiological and psychological changes that occur during pregnancy may trigger excessive stress in which blood cortisol is a marker of this change, then exercises ight be a strategy of control. Objective: To verify the influence of a muscle stretching protocol on blood cortisol levels and perception of stress in pregnant women. Methods: The sample was consisted of 18 pregnant women divided into two groups, experimental (GE) and control (GC). There were eight sessions twice a week, completing four weeks of strecthing. For data analysis the Perceived Stress Scale (EP) and blood tests for cortisol levels were used. Results: Comparing pre e post-intervention blood cortisol levels revealed GC (p=0.67) and GE (p=0.34). For EP it was found GC (p=0.35) and GE (0.34). Conclusion: .Muscle stretching protocol proposed in this study did not affect the blood levels of cortisol and even the perception of stress.

Efeitos de diferentes tempos de alongamento na flexibilidade de bailarinas / Effects of different times of stretching on flexibility of ballet dancers

Introdução: Os exercícios de alongamento têm sido frequentemente utilizados no contexto esportivo, a fim de aumentar a flexibilidade durante os treinos e atividades visando o estiramento global e reeducação postural. Objetivos: Comparar os efeitos de diferentes tempos de alongamento na flexibilidade de bailarinas. Métodos: Vinte bailarinas foram divididas em três grupos: grupo controle (GC), apenas avaliado; grupo 30 segundos (G30) e grupo três minutos (G3) analisados após duas repetições de alongamentos para isquiotibiais e adutores de coxa. Para avaliações, coletaram-se dados antropométricos e índices de flexibilidade por goniometria e caixa de sentar e alcançar de Weels. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação às avaliações de flexibilidade. Conclusão: Entre os tempos de alongamento não houve diferença significativa. Os dados sugerem que, em ensaios e espetáculos, o tempo menor de alongamento poderá ser utilizado como parte integrante do preparo da bailarina.

Introduction: The stretching exercises have been often used in the sporting context, in order to increase flexibility during trainings and activities, to the overall stretching and focusing the postural reeducation. Objectives: To compare the effects of different times of stretching on the ballet dancer's flexibility. Methods: Twenty ballet dancers were divided into three groups: a control group (CG), that was only evaluated; a 30-second group (30G); and a three-minute group (3G), which were assessed after two repetitions of hamstring stretches and thigh adductions. The assessments were carried out using anthropometric data and indexes of flexibility collected by goniometry and Wells' sit-and-reach box. Results: The results showed no significant difference between groups in relation to the flexibility evaluation. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the times of stretching. The data suggest that a shorter stretching time may be used in rehearsals and performances as part of physical preparation by the ballet dancers.

Efetividade da realização de alongamento dos músculos isquiotibiais aplicado por meio de orientação fisioterapêutica / Effectiveness of performing hamstring stretches under physiotherapeutic supervision

Introdução: O alongamento muscular orientado é um recurso muito utilizado na reabilitação clínica com objetivo de complementar o tratamento presencial, contribuindo para o ganho/manutenção da flexibilidade. Objetivo: Analisar a efetividade de orientação fisioterapêutica na realização de alongamento dos isquiotibiais. Métodos: Trinta e duas jovens foram distribuídas em dois grupos: Orientação (I) e Alongamento Executado pelo Fisioterapeuta (II). Inicialmente, foi avaliada a flexibilidade pelos testes sentar e alcançar e ângulo poplíteo no membro inferior dominante. O Grupo I foi instruído sobre como proceder nas sessões de autoalongamento. O Grupo II teve os alongamentos executados passivamente. Ambos realizaram duas sessões semanais durante quatro semanas, composta de três séries de 30 segundos de alongamento sustentado em cada membro inferior. Após esse período, as voluntárias foram reavaliadas. Resultados: Os dois grupos apresentaram melhora na flexibilidade em relação aos testes executados. Conclusão: A estratégia de orientar sujeitos para realização de alongamento é capaz de melhorar a flexibilidade podendo auxiliar no tratamento fisioterapêutico.

Introduction: The muscle stretching with supervision is resource widely used in medical rehabilitation in order to improving face-to-face treatment, contributing to the increasing or maintenance of the flexibility. Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of physiotherapeutic supervision in performing hamstring stretches. Methods: This study included 32 active young women, randomly divided into two groups: Guidance Group (I) and Group Stretching Performed by Physiotherapist (II). Initially, the flexibility was evaluated by sit and reach test, and test popliteal angle of the dominant limb. Group I was instructed how to perform self-stretching sessions. Group II was subjected to stretching performed passively. Both groups held two sessions per week for four weeks. Each session consisted of three sets of thirty seconds of sustained stretching in each leg. After this period, the volunteers were reevaluated. Results: Both groups showed improvement in flexibility in relation to the two tests performed. Conclusion: The strategy of providing supervision to subjects in stretching is capable of improving physiotherapeutic treatment.